IUCN Red List in India by Dr. Ravi Agrahari\'s Classes
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D
IUCN Red List India s e s s a l i’s C r a h a r g A i v a R r.
By Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari (Scientist in IIT Delhi)
IUCN Categories Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. 1. Extinct (EX) – No known individuals remaining. 2. Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range. 3. Critically endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. 4. Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild.
5. Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild. 6. Near threatened (NT) – Likely to become endangered in the near future. 7. Least concern (LC) – Lowest risk. 8. Data deficient (DD) – Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction. 9. Not evaluated (NE) – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.
• India has 988 species on IUCN ‘Red List’ as of 2015. The list contains: 1. critically endangered, 2. endangered and 3. vulnerable species.
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‘Critically Endangered’ Mammals
Himalayan Brown/Red Bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) • Distribution: Nepal, Tibet, north India, and north Pakistan. • Threats: loss of suitable habitat and persecution by humans.
Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania) • Is the world’s smallest wild pig. This species constructs a nest throughout the year. • It is one of the most useful indicators of the management status of grassland habitats. • Habitat: Relatively undisturbed, tall ‘terai’ grasslands.
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Distribution: Previously spread across India, Nepal, and Bhutan. Now only found in Assam (Manas Wildlife Sanctuary and its buffer reserves). Sucking Louse (Haematopinus oliveri), a parasite that feeds only on Pygmy Hogs will also fall in the same risk category of critically endangered as its survival is linked to that of the host species. Threats: The main threats are loss and degradation of grasslands, dry-season burning, livestock grazing and afforestation of grasslands. Hunting is also a threat.
Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Andaman White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura andamanensis) • Distribution: It is endemic to the South Andaman Island of India. • They are usually active by twilight or in the night. • Threats: Habitat loss, natural disasters such as tsunami and drastic weather change are thought to contribute to current population declines. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Kondana Rat (Millardia kondana) • Distribution: Known only from the small Sinhagarh Plateau (about one km2), near Pune in Maharashtra. • It is a nocturnal burrowing rodent that is found only in India. • Habitat: Tropical and subtropical dry deciduous forests and tropical scrub. • Threats: Major threats are habitat loss, overgrazing of vegetation and disturbance from tourism and recreational activities. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Large Rock Rat or Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira) • It is a medium sized, nocturnal and burrowing rodent endemic to India. • Habitat: Tropical dry deciduous shrub land forest, seen in rocky areas. • Habitat/distribution: Known only from Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Recorded from an elevation of about 600 m above mean sea level. • Threats: Major threats are habitat loss, conversion of forests and fuel wood collection.
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Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi) • It is a unique (the only one in its genus) flying squirrel that is restricted to a single valley in the Namdapha N.P. (or) W.L.S. in Arunachal Pradesh. • Habitat: Tropical forest. • Habitat/distribution: Found only in Namdapha Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh. • Threats: Hunted for food Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Malabar Civet (Viverra civettina) • It is endemic to India and was first reported from Travancore, Kerala. • It is nocturnal in nature and found exclusively in the Western Ghats. • Habitat: Wooded plains and hill slopes of evergreen rainforests. • Habitat/distribution: Western Ghats. • Threats: Deforestation and commercial plantations are major threats.
Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) • It is the smallest and most endangered of the five rhinoceros species. • It is now thought to be regionally extinct in India, though it once occurred in the foothills of the Himalayas and north-east India. • The Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is also believed to be extinct in India and only a small number survive in Java and Vietnam. • Threat: Poaching, loss of habitat. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Kashmir stag/hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) • It subspecies of Red Deer which is native to India. • Habitat: Dense riverine forests, high valleys, and mountains of the Kashmir valley and northern Chamba in Himachal Pradesh. • State animal of Jammu and Kashmir. • Threat: habitat destruction, overgrazing by domestic livestock, and poaching Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
‘Endangered’ Mammals
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Red Panda • Status: Moved from Vulnerable to Endangered recently. • Red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas. • Habitat: Sikkim and Assam, northern Arunachal Pradesh. • Threats: habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression.
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Wild ass/ khur (Equus hemionus khur) • Distribution: Mostly occurs in Rann of Kutch region. • Population steadily increasing. • Today, its last refuge lies in the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch. • Threat – Diseases, habitat degradation due to salt activities, Invasive species Prosopis juliflora shrub, and encroachment and grazing by the Maldhari (womens carry buffalo for grazing). Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Question: A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal? 1. Indian wild buffalo 2. Indian wild ass 3. Indian wild boar 4. Indian Gazelle Sandy saline area = Kutch region Indian wild buffalo = Terai region Indian wild boar = can survive in different types of habitat: grasslands, taiga, tropical rainforests, but they prefer life in deciduous forests. Chinkara (Indian gazelle) = Thar desert Answer: b) Indian wild ass Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Dhole/ Asiatic wild dog or Indian wild dog (Cuon alpinus) • Distribution: They occur in most of India south of the Ganges, particularly in the Central Indian Highlands and the Western and Eastern Ghats of the southern states. • In north-east India, they inhabit Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal. • Threats: Habitat loss, depletion of its prey base, competition from other predators, persecution and possibly diseases from domestic and feral dogs. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Eld’s deer/ thamin or browantlered deer (Panolia eldii) • Distribution: Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), Manipur. • Threats: Overgrazing, loss of grassland habitat.
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Golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) • Primate, is an Old World monkey • Distribution – small region of western Assam and in the neighboring foothills of the Black Mountains of Bhutan. • Threats: Deforestation, human encroachments.
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Himalayan / White-bellied Musk Deer • Habitat: Kashmir, Kumaon and Sikkim. • Threat: poaching & illegal trade for its musk. Only males produce the musk.
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Hispid hare/ Assam rabbit (Caprolagus hispidus) • Habitat: Southern foothills of the central Himalayas. • Threats: The habitat of hispid hares is highly fragmented due to increasing agriculture, flood control, and human development.
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Hog deer
• Habitat: Terai region and grasslands in northern India. • Threats: Hunting, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, human encroachments.
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Lion-tailed macaque/ wanderoo (Macaca silenus) • Endemic to the Western Ghats. • Avoid human presence and they do not live, feed or travel through plantations. • Habitat: Evergreen forests in the Western Ghats range. • Threat: Habitat fragmentation due to spread of agriculture and tea, coffee, teak and cinchona, construction of water reservoirs and human settlements to support such activities. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Question: In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat? 1. Tamil Nadu 2. Kerala 3. Karnataka 4. Andhra Pradesh Select the correct answer using the codes given below. (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Lion-tailed macaque is found in Western Ghats. So AP is the odd option. Answer: a) 1, 2 and 3 only
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Chita / Tibetian Antelope • Status – Near Threatened. • Habitat : Tibet cold desert. • Threat : The chiru is threatened by hunting for its fine wool, meat, magnificent horns.
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Nilgiri langur/ Nilgiri leaf monkey (Trachypithecus johnii) • Habitat: Hilly areas of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. • Threats: Habitat degradation, development activities, introduction of exotic tree species.
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Nilgiri tahr • The Nilgiri tahr is the largest of the three tahr species, inhabit montane grasslands of Western Ghats. It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu. • Threats: Habitat loss, overgrazing, illegal hunting.
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‘Endangered’ Marine Mammals
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Freshwater / river dolphin • Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan which is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin and Indus river dolphin. • Threats: Unintentional killing through entanglement in fishing gear; habitat loss and degradation – water development projects (barrages, high dams, and embankments), pollution – industrial waste and pesticides, municipal sewage discharge and noise from vessel traffic. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Ganges river dolphin Habitat: Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and their tributaries in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. The Ganges river dolphin has been recognized by the government of India as its National Aquatic Animal.
Indus river dolphin Habitat: Indus River in Pakistan and its Beas and Sutlej tributaries. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Question: Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins? 1. Construction of dams and barrages on rivers 2. Increase in the population of crocodiles in rivers 3. Getting trapped in fishing nets accidentally 4. Use of synthetic fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals in crop -fields in the vicinity of rivers Select the correct answer using the code given below. ((a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 ‘Susu’ shares its habitat with crocodiles, freshwater turtles and wetland birds, many of which are fish eaters and are potential competitors with dolphins. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Crocodile species in India • The Mugger (or marsh) crocodile, gharial and the estuarine (coast) crocodile. • Gharials (Critically Endangered) once thrived in all the major river systems of the Indian Subcontinent. Today, they are extinct in the Indus River, in the Brahmaputra of Bhutan and Bangladesh, and in the Irrawaddy River. Their distribution is now limited to only 2% of their former range. • The mugger (Vulnerable) crocodile is a freshwater species found sparsely in various lakes, rivers and marshes in the Indian subcontinent. Dr. Ravi Agrahari’s Classes
Crocodile species in India (Cont…) • Apart from the eastern coast of India, the saltwater crocodile (Least concern) is extremely rare on the Indian subcontinent. • A huge population is present within the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary of Odisha and they are known to be present in smaller numbers throughout the Indian and Bangladeshi portions of the Sunderbans.
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